(8a)
Consumer behaviour is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations
and all the activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal
of goods and services, including the consumer's emotional, mental and
behavioural responses that precede or follow these activities.
(8b)
(i)Decrease in distribution cost:
Second important liability of marketing is control the cost of
distribution. Through effective marketing the companies can reduce their
distribution costs to a great extent.
(ii)Protection against business slump:
Business slump cause unemployment, slackness in the success of business and great loss to economy.
(iii)Increasing employment opportunities: Marketing comprises of
advertising, sales, distribution, branding and many more activities. So
the development of marketing automatically gives rise to a need for
people to work in several areas of marketing.
(iv)Delivery of standard of living to the society:
A society is a mixture of diverse people with diverse tastes and
preferences. Modern marketing always aims for customer satisfaction. So,
main liability of marketing is to produce goods and services for the
society according to their needs and tastes at reasonable price.
=====================================
(7a)
societal marketing is a marketing concept that holds that a company
should make marketing decisions not only by considering consumers'
wants, the company's requirements, but also society's long-term
interests While profit-orientation is pricing strategy involves setting
prices for your products that will guarantee you'll make money on each
sale.
(7b)
(i)Exchange: de goods or services. In marketing theory, every exchange
is supposed to produce "utility," which means the value of what you
trade is less than the value of what you receive from the trade.
(ii)Transaction: oint of sale" transactions. The emphasis is on
maximizing the efficiency and volume of individual sales rather than
developing a relationship with the buyer.
(iii)Product: is the marketplace where final goods or services are sold
to businesses and the public sector. Focusing on the sale of finished
goods, it does not include trading in raw or other intermediate
materials.
(iv)Marketing intermediaries: independent firms which assist in the flow
of goods and services from producers to end-users; they include agents,
wholesalers and retailers.
=====================================
(1a)
Product life cycle (PLC) is the cycle through which every product goes
through from introduction to withdrawal or eventual demise.
(1b)
(i)Development: The product development stage is often referred to as
“the valley of death.†At this stage, costs are accumulating with no
corresponding revenue. Some products require years and large capital
investment to develop and then test their effectiveness.
(ii)Introduction: The introduction stage is about developing a market
for the product and building product awareness. Marketing costs are high
at this stage, as it is necessary to reach out to potential customers.
(iii)Growth: In the growth stage, the product has been accepted by
customers, and companies are striving to increase market share. For
innovative products there is limited.
(iv)Maturity: At the mature stage, sales will level off. Competition
increases, so product features may need to be enhanced to maintain
market share.
=====================================
(9a)
Transportation is the process of conveying goods and people from one
place to another either through water,road,rail or air. It is simply the
movement of goods and people from one place to another.
(9b)
(choose any four)
(i)Nature of goods:The nature of goods to be transported will determine
the means of transportation to be used.perishable and fragile goods for
example are better handled by fast means of transportation like aircraft
while bulky goods are better handled by ship or rail
(ii)cost of transport: The overall cost of transport does determine the
choice of means of transportation.Air transport is costly while rail is
cheap over a long distance and this will determine the choice of either
of the two to use.
(iii)weighty/bulky goods:Goods that are heavy and bulky are better moved
by road,rail and sea while light goods are best suited for air
transport
(iv)The value of the goods: commodities with high values like jewellery are better transported by air so as to reduce pilferage.
(v)Distance involved: When the distance is long ,the best means of
transportation are water and air ,irrespective of the cost while road
transportation is goof over short distance
=====================================
(4a)
promotional mix describes a blend of promotional variables chosen by
marketers to help a firm reach its goals. In other words It has been
identified as a subset of the marketing mix.
(4b)
(i)Advertising:
Advertising is defined as any form of paid communication or promotion
for product, service and idea. In other words Advertisement is not only
used by companies but in many cases by museum, government and charitable
organizations
(ii)Sales Promotion:
Promotion is an incentive tool used to drive up short term sales. In
other words Promotion can be launched directed at consumer or trade.
(iii)Public Relations:
Companies cannot survive in isolation they need to have a constant
interaction with customers, employees and different stakeholders. This
servicing of relation is done by the public relation office.
(iv)Direct Marketing:
The communication establishes through a direct channel without using any
intermediaries is referred to as direct marketing. Direct marketing can
be used to deliver message or service.
=====================================
(5a)
(i)Tariff: Tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign
states. It is a form of regulation of foreign trade and a policy that
taxes foreign products to encourage or safeguard domestic industry.
Traditionally, states have used them as a source of income.
(ii)quota: quota is a government imposed trade restriction that limits
the number or monetary value of goods that a country can import or
export during a particular period. Countries use quotas in international
trade to help regulate the volume of trade between them and other
countries.
(iii)Embargo:embargo is a government order that restricts commerce with a
specified country or the exchange of specific goods. An embargo is
usually created as a result of unfavorable political or economic
circumstances between nations.
(5b)
(i)Polycentric approach: Polycentric Approach is the international
recruitment method wherein the HR recruits the personnel for the
international businesses. In Polycentric Approach, the nationals of the
host country are recruited for the managerial positions to carry out the
operations of the subsidiary company.
(ii)Ethnocentric Approach: Ethnocentric Approach is one of the methods
of international recruitment wherein, the HR recruits the right person
for the right job for the international businesses, on the basis of the
skills required and the willingness of the candidate to mix with the
organization's culture.
=====================================
Completed
=====================================
(7a)
societal marketing is a marketing concept that holds that a company
should make marketing decisions not only by considering consumers'
wants, the company's requirements, but also society's long-term
interests While profit-orientation is pricing strategy involves setting
prices for your products that will guarantee you'll make money on each
sale.
(7b)
(i)Exchange: de goods or services. In marketing theory, every exchange
is supposed to produce "utility," which means the value of what you
trade is less than the value of what you receive from the trade.
(ii)Transaction: oint of sale" transactions. The emphasis is on
maximizing the efficiency and volume of individual sales rather than
developing a relationship with the buyer.
(iii)Product: is the marketplace where final goods or services are sold
to businesses and the public sector. Focusing on the sale of finished
goods, it does not include trading in raw or other intermediate
materials.
(iv)Marketing intermediaries: independent firms which assist in the flow
of goods and services from producers to end-users; they include agents,
wholesalers and retailers.
=====================================
(1a)
Product life cycle (PLC) is the cycle through which every product goes
through from introduction to withdrawal or eventual demise.
(1b)
(i)Development: The product development stage is often referred to as
“the valley of death.†At this stage, costs are accumulating with no
corresponding revenue. Some products require years and large capital
investment to develop and then test their effectiveness.
(ii)Introduction: The introduction stage is about developing a market
for the product and building product awareness. Marketing costs are high
at this stage, as it is necessary to reach out to potential customers.
(iii)Growth: In the growth stage, the product has been accepted by
customers, and companies are striving to increase market share. For
innovative products there is limited.
(iv)Maturity: At the mature stage, sales will level off. Competition
increases, so product features may need to be enhanced to maintain
market share.
=====================================
(9a)
Transportation is the process of conveying goods and people from one
place to another either through water,road,rail or air. It is simply the
movement of goods and people from one place to another.
(9b)
(choose any four)
(i)Nature of goods:The nature of goods to be transported will determine
the means of transportation to be used.perishable and fragile goods for
example are better handled by fast means of transportation like aircraft
while bulky goods are better handled by ship or rail
(ii)cost of transport: The overall cost of transport does determine the
choice of means of transportation.Air transport is costly while rail is
cheap over a long distance and this will determine the choice of either
of the two to use.
(iii)weighty/bulky goods:Goods that are heavy and bulky are better moved
by road,rail and sea while light goods are best suited for air
transport
(iv)The value of the goods: commodities with high values like jewellery are better transported by air so as to reduce pilferage.
(v)Distance involved: When the distance is long ,the best means of
transportation are water and air ,irrespective of the cost while road
transportation is goof over short distance
=====================================
(4a)
promotional mix describes a blend of promotional variables chosen by
marketers to help a firm reach its goals. In other words It has been
identified as a subset of the marketing mix.
(4b)
(i)Advertising:
Advertising is defined as any form of paid communication or promotion
for product, service and idea. In other words Advertisement is not only
used by companies but in many cases by museum, government and charitable
organizations
(ii)Sales Promotion:
Promotion is an incentive tool used to drive up short term sales. In
other words Promotion can be launched directed at consumer or trade.
(iii)Public Relations:
Companies cannot survive in isolation they need to have a constant
interaction with customers, employees and different stakeholders. This
servicing of relation is done by the public relation office.
(iv)Direct Marketing:
The communication establishes through a direct channel without using any
intermediaries is referred to as direct marketing. Direct marketing can
be used to deliver message or service.
=====================================
Typing........ Keep refreshing
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