2024 NABTEB GCE GEOGRAPHY: Geography (Geo) NABTEB GCE Authentic Answer 2025 (4282)

(2ai)

Nomadic cattle rearing: This involves the movement of herders and their cattle across large distances in search of grazing pastures and water. It is a traditional practice mainly carried out by the Fulani herdsmen and is characterized by constant mobility.

(2aii)

Transhumance: This is a semi-nomadic system where herders move their livestock seasonally between fixed locations, such as dry-season grazing areas and wet-season farmlands, while maintaining a more stable home base. It helps balance pasture usage and animal health.

(2b)

(PICK FOUR ONLY)

(i) Destruction of crops and farmlands during grazing.

(ii) Frequent clashes between herders and farmers over land use.

(iii) Insecurity due to armed conflicts and cattle rustling.

(iv) Environmental degradation from overgrazing in some areas.

(v) Loss of lives and properties during violent confrontations.

(vi) Displacement of communities affected by conflicts.

(vii) Spread of animal diseases to local livestock populations.

(2c)

(i) Establishment of designated grazing reserves to prevent encroachment on farmlands.

(ii) Promotion of ranching and modern livestock management practices.

(iii) Strengthening security measures to curb armed conflicts and cattle rustling.

(iv) Implementation of conflict resolution mechanisms between herders and farmers.

(v) Educating herders on sustainable 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' grazing practices to reduce environmental degradation.

(vi) Providing government support for herders to adopt sedentary livestock systems.

(vii) Enhancing veterinary services to control the spread of animal diseases.

(3a)

Manufacturing industry refers to the sector of the economy involved in the production of goods by processing raw materials into finished or semi-finished products, often using machinery and labor in factories.

(3b)

(PICK FIVE ONLY)

(i) Large-scale production: Heavy industries produce goods in large quantities, often for construction, infrastructure, or industrial purposes.

(ii) Capital-intensive: They require significant investment in machinery, equipment, and infrastructure.

(iii) Raw material dependency: Heavy industries rely on bulky and heavy raw materials such as iron, coal, and petroleum.

(iv) High energy consumption: These industries require substantial energy inputs for operations, often sourced from electricity or fossil fuels.

(v) Specialized labor: They demand skilled and technical labor for operating complex machinery and processes.

(vi) Pollution and environmental impact: Heavy industries often generate high levels of waste, air, and water pollution.

(vii) Linkages with other sectors: They support and rely on industries such as mining, transportation, and manufacturing of machinery.

(3c)

(PICK FIVE ONLY)

(i) Job creation: Industrialization provides employment opportunities, reducing unemployment and poverty levels by offering jobs in factories, transport, and related sectors.

(ii) Economic diversification: It reduces Nigeria’s reliance on 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' oil exports by promoting the growth of non-oil sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture processing, and construction.

(iii) Increased revenue generation: Industrialization boosts government revenue through taxes, duties, and contributions to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), supporting national development.

(iv) Technological advancement: The establishment of industries encourages the adoption of new technologies, improving productivity and fostering innovation.

(v) Improved infrastructure: Industrial growth drives the development of infrastructure such as roads, power supply, water systems, and communication networks.

(vi) Foreign exchange earnings: Industrialization enhances export production, earning foreign exchange from goods like manufactured products, thereby improving the nation’s balance of payments.

(vii) Improved standard of living: As industrialization progresses, it leads to higher incomes, better social services, and improved living conditions for citizens.

(viii) Increased investment: Industrialization attracts both local and foreign investments, stimulating economic growth, expansion of businesses, and fostering industrial clusters

(4a)

Road transportation plays a crucial role in Nigeria’s economic development by facilitating the movement of goods and people across regions, connecting rural areas to urban markets, and enabling access to resources. It supports trade, enhances mobility, and boosts productivity, contributing to both local and national economic growth.

(4b)

(PICK FIVE ONLY)

(i) Speed: Air travel is the fastest mode of transportation, especially for long distances, reducing travel time significantly.

(ii) Accessibility to remote areas: It allows access to areas with limited road or rail infrastructure, especially in regions with difficult terrain.

(iii) Safety: Air transport is generally considered one of the safest modes of travel, with lower accident rates compared to other transport modes.

(iv) Comfort: Airplanes offer a higher level of comfort, with amenities like seating arrangements, climate control, and in-flight services.

(v) Reliability: Flights generally run on time and are less affected by weather conditions like floods or traffic jams, ensuring consistent schedules.

(vi) Global connectivity: Air travel facilitates international trade and tourism, providing easy access to global markets.

(vii) High capacity for long-distance travel: Airplanes can carry a large number of passengers and cargo across vast distances in a single trip.

(viii) Reduced risk of congestion: Unlike road or rail transport, air 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' routes are not subject to traffic jams or congestion, ensuring smoother travel.

(4c)

(PICK FIVE ONLY)

(i) Poor infrastructure: Many airports in Nigeria suffer from inadequate facilities, including outdated terminals, poor runways, and insufficient maintenance facilities, hindering efficient air travel.

(ii) High operating costs: The cost of aviation fuel, maintenance, and other operational expenses is high, making air transportation expensive for both operators and passengers.

(iii) Inadequate safety standards: Safety concerns, including poor regulation enforcement, lack of modern safety equipment, and occasional accidents, undermine the confidence in air travel.

(iv) Frequent flight delays and cancellations: Poor scheduling, maintenance issues, and limited airspace management lead to frequent delays and cancellations, affecting the reliability of air travel.

(v) Limited access to financing: Airlines in Nigeria often struggle to secure financing for fleet expansion or modern equipment due to a lack of investment or unfavourable financial conditions.

(vi) Air traffic congestion: Limited air traffic control infrastructure and overcrowding in Nigerian airports can result in flight delays and inefficiencies in managing flight schedules.

(vii) Security challenges: Issues like terrorism, vandalism, and safety concerns at airports and along flight routes 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' create an insecure environment, affecting air transportation.

(viii) Regulatory and bureaucratic inefficiencies: Complicated regulations, lack of coordination between agencies, and bureaucratic hurdles often slow down the growth and improvement of the aviation sector.

(5a)

(PICK FIVE ONLY)

(i) Availability of resources: Settlements are often located near essential resources like water, fertile land, minerals, or forests, which support agriculture, industry, and daily living.

(ii) Climate: Favourable climates, such as moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall, influence settlement locations, as extreme weather conditions may discourage habitation.

(iii) Topography: The physical landscape, such as flat land for agriculture or elevated areas for defence, affects where settlements are established, with people generally preferring accessible and safe terrains.

(iv) Economic opportunities: Locations with opportunities for trade, industry, or agriculture tend to attract settlements, as people are drawn to areas with employment or economic prospects.

(v) Transport links: Accessibility via roads, railways, and waterways plays a key role in settlement location, as proximity to transport networks facilitates trade, movement, and communication.

(vi) Political stability: Areas with stable political conditions, security, and good governance attract settlements, as safety and predictability are important for sustaining communities.

(vii) Social and cultural factors: Cultural traditions, social networks, and historical significance often determine settlement locations, with people often choosing areas with religious, cultural, or familial 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' ties.

(viii) Technological advancements: The development of new technologies, such as irrigation systems or modern construction methods, can make previously uninhabitable areas suitable for settlement, encouraging growth in new locations.

(5b)

(PICK FIVE ONLY)

(i) Overpopulation: Rapid urbanization leads to overcrowding in cities, putting a strain on resources, infrastructure, and public services like healthcare and education.

(ii) Traffic congestion: Increased migration to urban areas often results in heavy traffic, leading to delays, air pollution, and inefficient transportation systems.

(iii) Unemployment: Urban areas may not always provide enough jobs to meet the growing demand, resulting in high unemployment rates and underemployment.

(iv) Housing shortages: The influx of people into cities can lead to inadequate housing, with many residents living in informal settlements or slums.

(v) Environmental degradation: Urbanization can contribute to environmental problems such as deforestation, pollution, poor waste management, and depletion of natural resources.

(vi) Increased crime rates: Rapid urban growth, combined with poverty and lack of adequate social services, can lead to higher crime rates in cities.

(vii) Poor infrastructure: Cities may struggle to develop or maintain adequate infrastructure, such as roads, water supply, sewage, and 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' electricity, to meet the demands of a growing population.

(viii) Social inequality: Urbanization can exacerbate social disparities, with wealthier individuals benefiting from better services and opportunities, while the poor face marginalization and lack of access to essential resources.

(5c)

(PICK FIVE ONLY)

(i) Improved urban planning: Proper planning and zoning of urban areas can help reduce congestion, improve housing, and ensure that infrastructure development keeps pace with population growth.

(ii) Investment in public transportation: Expanding and improving public transportation networks can reduce traffic congestion, lower pollution, and make commuting more efficient.

(iii) Affordable housing development: Governments and private sectors can invest in affordable housing projects to address shortages and prevent the growth of slums.

(iv) Promoting economic opportunities: Creating job opportunities through industrial growth, education, and skills development can reduce unemployment and enhance economic stability in urban areas.

(v) Environmental protection measures: Implementing policies for waste management, pollution control, and green space development can help protect the environment in growing urban areas.

(vi) Improving security: Strengthening law enforcement, community policing, and social welfare programs can help reduce crime rates and promote 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' safety in cities.

(vii) Upgrading infrastructure: Expanding and maintaining essential services such as water supply, electricity, roads, and sanitation systems can ensure cities remain livable as they grow.

(viii) Promoting rural development: Encouraging development in rural areas can reduce the pressure on urban centers, offering better opportunities for people to remain in their communities rather than migrating to cities.

(6a)

(i) Administrative settlements: These are towns or cities that serve as political or administrative centers, where government offices and services are located.

(ii) Commercial settlements: These settlements are primarily focused on trade and business activities, with markets, retail, and wholesale operations.

(iii) Industrial settlements: These are areas where manufacturing and industrial activities take place, often with factories and industrial zones.

(iv) Agricultural settlements: Settlements primarily involved in farming and agricultural activities, where the economy is based on crop and livestock production.

(v) Tourist settlements: These are settlements developed mainly to serve tourists, with accommodations, entertainment, and leisure activities as the main functions.

(6b)

An entrepot is a type of settlement that serves as a trading center where goods are imported, stored, and then redistributed to other regions or countries. It acts as a hub for international trade, often located at strategic geographical locations, such as ports or crossroads, facilitating the exchange of goods between different

markets.