2024 WAEC GCE SECOND SERIES (NOV.) CIVIC: WAEC GCE Second Series (Nov.) Civic (Civic Education) 2025 Legit Answer (9542)

(1a)

(PICK ANY ONE)

Inter-communal conflict refers to violent or non-violent conflicts between different communities, often based on ethnic, religious, linguistic, or cultural differences.

OR

Inter-communal conflict refers to a disagreement, dispute, or violent confrontation between different communities, often arising due to factors such as competition over resources, cultural differences, political dominance, or historical grievances.

(1b)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Dialogue and Negotiation: Encouraging open communication and negotiation between conflicting communities to address grievances and find mutually acceptable solutions.

(ii) Mediation and Arbitration: Using neutral third-party mediators or arbitrators to facilitate negotiations and resolve disputes.

(iii) Reconciliation and Forgiveness: Promoting reconciliation and forgiveness through traditional or cultural practices, such as truth-telling and apology.

(iv) Economic Empowerment: Addressing economic disparities and promoting economic empowerment through initiatives such as job creation, education, and infrastructure development.

(v) Cultural Exchange and Education: Promoting cultural exchange and education to break down stereotypes and build understanding between conflicting communities.

(vi) Community Development Projects: Implementing community development 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' projects that benefit both conflicting communities, such as joint infrastructure projects or social services.

(vii) Legal and Policy Reforms: Implementing legal and policy reforms to address the root causes of conflict, such as discriminatory laws or policies.

(viii) Peacebuilding Initiatives: Implementing peacebuilding initiatives, such as peace education, conflict resolution training, and community

peacebuilding projects.

(2a)

(PICK ANY SEVEN)

(i) Both traditional and legal-rational authorities are responsible for maintaining law and order within their jurisdictions.

(ii) Both authorities resolve conflicts and disputes within their communities.

(iii) Both traditional and legal-rational authorities provide social services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure development.

(iv) Both authorities represent their communities in various forums and negotiations.

(v) Both traditional and legal-rational authorities work to promote peace and stability within their communities.

(vi) Both authorities collect revenue in the form of taxes, tributes, or levies to fund their activities.

(vii) Both traditional and legal-rational authorities provide security to their communities through various means such as policing and defense.

(viii) Both traditional and legal-rational authorities administer justice and ensure that offenders are punished.

(ix) Both authorities promote social welfare by providing support to vulnerable members of society.

(x) Both traditional and legal-rational authorities encourage economic development through initiatives such as trade promotion and infrastructure development.

(2b)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Basis of Authority: Traditional authority derives its power from customs and 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' traditions, while legal-rational authority is based on laws and formal regulations.

(ii) Succession: Traditional authority often follows hereditary succession, whereas legal-rational authority depends on elections or appointments.

(iii) Flexibility: Legal-rational authority is more adaptable to change, while traditional authority tends to be rigid.

(iv) Scope of Power: Traditional authority often governs within a cultural or local context, whereas legal-rational authority operates within a formal, national framework

(v) Source of Legitimacy: Traditional authority is legitimized by customs, traditions, and long-standing practices. While Legal-rational authority derives its legitimacy from legal frameworks and formal procedures.

(vi) Decision-Making Process: In traditional authority, decisions are often made based on customs, consensus, or the discretion of the ruler. While In legal-rational authority, decisions follow established rules, laws, and bureaucratic procedures.

(vii) Accountability: Traditional authority is accountable to cultural norms and elders or councils within the community. While Legal-rational authority is accountable to legal institutions, the public, and constitutional provisions.

(3a)

(PICK ANY ONE)

Constituted authority refers to individuals or organizations that have been officially empowered by law or recognized systems to exercise leadership, control, and decision-making for the welfare and governance of a society.

OR

Constituted authority refers to an individual or body that has been formally empowered by law or a recognized system to exercise control, govern, or make decisions on behalf of a group or nation.

(3b)

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Obedience to Laws: Citizens have a responsibility to familiarize themselves with the laws of the land and obey them. This includes respecting the rights of others, paying taxes, and following traffic rules.

(ii) Reporting Crimes: Citizens have a duty to report any crimes or suspicious activities they witness to the authorities. This helps the police to investigate and prevent crimes.

(iii) Community Policing: Citizens can participate in community policing initiatives, such as neighborhood watch programs. These programs help to build trust between the police and the community, and can help to prevent crimes.

(iv) Respecting Authority: Citizens should respect and cooperate with law enforcement agencies and other authorities. This includes following the instructions of police officers, and respecting the decisions of courts.

(v) Promoting Peaceful Resolution of Conflicts: 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' Citizens can promote peaceful resolution of conflicts through mediation, arbitration, and other forms of alternative dispute resolution. This can help to reduce the number of disputes that end up in court.

(vi) Educating Others: Citizens can educate others about the importance of law and order, and the consequences of crime. This can help to prevent crimes, and promote a culture of respect for the law.

(vii) Participating in Crime Prevention Initiatives: Citizens can participate in crime prevention initiatives, such as crime prevention programs and community development projects. These initiatives can help to reduce crime, and improve the quality of life in communities.

(5)

(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i) Increased Crime Rates: Substance abuse often leads to criminal activities, including theft, assault, and drug trafficking, as individuals may commit crimes to feed their addiction or under the influence.

(ii) Domestic Violence: Substance abuse can cause violent behavior within families, leading to domestic abuse, which creates an unsafe environment for children and other family members.

(iii) Public Health Crisis: The widespread use of substances can lead to a public health crisis, with increased cases of drug-related illnesses, infections, and deaths, putting pressure on the healthcare system.

(iv) Reduced Productivity: Substance abuse impairs individuals’ ability to work, leading to absenteeism, lower productivity, and a weakened economy.

(v) Breakdown of Family Structures: Addiction can disrupt family relationships, leading to breakdowns in marriages, parent-child relationships, and overall family stability.

(vi) Impaired Education: Students under the influence of drugs or alcohol may experience reduced academic performance, truancy, and even drop out of school, impacting the future workforce.

(vii) Social Instability: The prevalence of substance abuse often leads to social unrest, as marginalized groups may engage in protests or violent acts to cope with their struggles.

(viii) Increased Road Accidents: Driving 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' under the influence of drugs or alcohol increases the likelihood of accidents, endangering lives and contributing to public fear and insecurity.

(ix) Loss of Social Cohesion: Communities plagued by substance abuse may experience a breakdown in trust, with people becoming more isolated and less willing to engage in collective activities.

(x) Strain on Law Enforcement: Law enforcement agencies face additional challenges in controlling drug trafficking, enforcing laws, and addressing substance-related crimes, diverting resources from other important areas.

(6a)

(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i) Sexual Exploitation: Human trafficking often involves forcing or coercing individuals into prostitution or pornography, exploiting them for commercial sexual purposes.

(ii) Forced Labor: Victims are trafficked and made to work under abusive conditions, such as in agriculture, construction, or domestic servitude, often with no pay and restricted freedom.

(iii) Child Labor: Children are trafficked and forced into labor, often in hazardous conditions like mining, begging, or selling goods on the streets, depriving them of their rights and education.

(iv) Organ Trafficking: Victims are trafficked for the illegal sale of their organs, often with deceptive promises or coercion, resulting in severe health risks or death.

(v) Domestic Servitude: Victims, often women and children, are trafficked and forced to work as domestic servants in private homes, enduring long hours, physical abuse, and poor living conditions.

(vi) Illegal Adoption: Human trafficking may involve the illegal sale or abduction of children for adoption, often leading to emotional and psychological harm for the victims.

(vii) Fraudulent Marriage: Some victims are trafficked under the guise of marriage, only to be exploited sexually, economically, or emotionally, often to foreign nationals.

(viii) Exploitation in the Entertainment Industry: Traffickers exploit 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' victims by coercing them into working in the entertainment sector, including modeling, acting, and performing in illegal or degrading circumstances.

(ix) Forced Criminal Activity: Victims are trafficked and coerced into committing crimes such as drug trafficking, smuggling, or theft, often under threat or manipulation.

(x) Servitude in Armed Conflicts: Children or adults may be trafficked into conflict zones where they are forced to serve as soldiers, sex slaves, or laborers for armed groups.

(6b)

(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i) Psychological Trauma: Victims often suffer severe emotional and psychological harm, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and feelings of helplessness due to the abuse they endure.

(ii) Stigma and Shame: Victims face social stigma and shame, often being blamed for their situation or rejected by society, which makes it difficult for them to reintegrate and seek help.

(iii) Legal Barriers: Many victims face difficulties in accessing legal support due to lack of identification documents, language barriers, or fear of law enforcement, especially if they are threatened by traffickers.

(iv) Fear of Retribution: Victims often fear retaliation from traffickers or criminal networks, including threats to their families, which prevents them from escaping or reporting their ordeal to authorities.

(v) Lack of Awareness: Victims may 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' not fully understand that they are being trafficked or may have been deceived into believing they are in a legitimate situation, making it harder for them to recognize their own victimhood.

(vi) Lack of Support Services: Many victims struggle to access essential services such as healthcare, counseling, and legal aid, due to limited resources, inadequate shelters, or lack of trained professionals.

(vii) Economic Dependence: Victims, especially those who have been trafficked for labor or sexual exploitation, may become economically dependent on their traffickers and struggle to find employment or financial independence after escape.

(viii) Displacement and Isolation: Victims of trafficking are often moved across borders or distant locations, making it difficult for them to access social networks, family support, or community resources to help them recover.

(ix) Physical Health Issues: Many victims suffer from physical injuries, infections, or diseases resulting from abuse, neglect, or forced labor, and they may not have the resources or support to address these health problems.

(x) Inability to Reintegrate: The process of reintegration into society is often complicated by discrimination, lack of trust, and challenges in rebuilding relationships, leading to ongoing social exclusion for many victims.

(7a)

Political participation refers to the activities undertaken by citizens to influence or be involved in the political and governance processes of their country. It includes actions aimed at affecting decision-making, policies, or leadership selection, either directly or indirectly.

(7b)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Voting in Elections: Citizens participate by voting in local, state, and national elections to choose their leaders and influence policies. This is a vital way to ensure their voices are heard in decision-making processes.

(ii) Joining Political Parties: By joining political parties, citizens help shape party policies, strategies, and election campaigns. They also participate in selecting candidates and promoting their party’s agenda.

(iii) Engaging in Advocacy and Activism: Advocacy and activism involve organizing or joining protests, signing petitions, or supporting movements to demand change. These actions draw attention to critical issues and influence public policy.

(iv) Running for Political Office: Citizens can run for positions such as councilor, legislator, or president to directly contribute to governance. This allows them to influence decision-making and represent their communities.

(v) Contributing to Public Debates and Discussions: Participation in public forums, town halls, or online platforms enables citizens to express opinions and shape political 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' discourse. These discussions ensure diverse perspectives are considered in policy-making.

(vi) Monitoring and Petitioning the Government: Citizens monitor government activities and demand accountability through petitions, legal actions, or advocacy groups. This ensures transparency, fairness, and adherence to democra

tic principles.

(8a)

(PICK ANY ONE)

The pillars of democracy refer to the fundamental principles or structures that support and uphold the functioning of a democratic system. These include key elements like the rule of law, separation of powers, free and fair elections, human rights, and the active participation of citizens.

OR

The pillars of democracy are the core values and institutions that form the foundation of a democratic society. They ensure the protection of freedoms, the fairness of governance, and the participation of the people in decision-making processes.

(8b)

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Maintaining Law and Order: The police ensure peace and security by preventing crimes, controlling public disturbances, and upholding the rule of law, which is essential for a stable democratic society.

(ii) Protecting Fundamental Rights: Police protect citizens’ rights, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and movement, by preventing violations and safeguarding public spaces for democratic activities.

(iii) Ensuring Free and Fair Elections: The police provide security during elections, ensuring that voters, candidates, and electoral officials can participate without intimidation or violence.

(iv) Combating Corruption: By investigating and prosecuting corrupt practices, the police help promote transparency and accountability in public and private institutions, which is 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' critical for democracy.

(v) Enforcing Laws Equitably: Police uphold the law impartially, ensuring that justice is applied equally to all citizens, regardless of status, thereby promoting trust in democratic institutions.

(vi) Facilitating Peaceful Protests: The police enable citizens to exercise their right to peaceful assembly while managing potential conflicts, ensuring that demonstrations do not escalate into violence.

(vii) Community Policing: By engaging with communities, the police foster trust, cooperation, and shared responsibility for public safety, enhancing citizen participation in governance.

(viii) Safeguarding National Security: Police protect the country from internal threats, such as terrorism and organized crime, ensuring a secure environment whe

re democracy can thrive.

(9a)

Public service refers to the activities, roles, and responsibilities carried out by government agencies and institutions to provide essential services, implement policies, and promote the welfare and well-being of citizens. It encompasses all functions performed by civil servants, government officials, and public sector workers to meet the needs of society.

(9b)

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Policy Implementation: The public service ensures that government policies and programs are translated into actionable steps and effectively executed. This involves coordinating resources, enforcing regulations, and monitoring outcomes to achieve government objectives.

(ii) Service Delivery: Public service provides essential services such as education, healthcare, water supply, and transportation to meet citizens’ basic needs. These services enhance the quality of life and promote social and economic stability.

(iii) Law Enforcement: Public service upholds laws and regulations to maintain peace, order, and security in society. This includes activities such as crime prevention, policing, and ensuring justice through legal processes.

(iv) Economic Development: Public service supports economic growth by facilitating infrastructure development, promoting trade, and attracting investments. It also ensures a stable environment for businesses and industries to thrive.

(v) Regulation and 'copied from e x a m p l a z a . c o m free' Oversight: Public service monitors and regulates industries, businesses, and other entities to ensure compliance with laws and standards. This protects public interests, promotes fair competition, and ensures safety and efficiency.

(vi) Public Administration: Public service manages the daily operations of government institutions and ensures efficient delivery of programs and policies. This includes budgeting, human resource management, and public sector planning.

(vii) Employment Creation: Public service provides job opportunities in various government sectors, contributing to national development and reducing unemployment. These jobs also ensure the execution of government functions and programs.

(viii) Disaster Management: Public service responds to emergencies and disasters by coordinating relief efforts, providing aid, and ensuring citizens’ safety. It also implements preventive measures and policies to mitigate future risks.